- Note 1
S.C. 2001, c. 27.
Return to the reference note 1
- Note 2
United Nations Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, January 1992, reissued December, 2011 at paragraph 111.
Return to the reference note 2
- Note 3
S.C. 2012, c. 17.
Return to the reference note 3
- Note 4
Le
The Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations were amended in 2014 to add paragraph 228(1)(b.1) giving the Minister the authority to issue a removal order. The appropriate removal order is a departure order.
Return to the reference note 4
- Note 5
Conferral of refugee protection 95 (1) Refugee protection is conferred on a person when (a) the person has been determined to be a Convention refugee or a person in similar circumstances under a visa application and becomes a permanent resident under the visa or a temporary resident under a temporary resident permit for protection reasons; (b) the Board determines the person to be a Convention refugee or a person in need of protection; or (c) except in the case of a person described in subsection 112(3), the Minister allows an application for protection.
Asile 95 (1) L’asile est la protection conférée à toute personne dès lors que, selon le cas : a) sur constat qu’elle est, à la suite d’une demande de visa, un réfugié au sens de la Convention ou une personne en situation semblable, elle devient soit un résident permanent au titre du visa, soit un résident temporaire au titre d’un permis de séjour délivré en vue de sa protection; b) la Commission lui reconnaît la qualité de réfugié au sens de la Convention ou celle de personne à protéger; c) le ministre accorde la demande de protection, sauf si la personne est visée au paragraphe 112(3).
Return to the reference note 5
- Note 6
SOR/2002-227.
Return to the reference note 6
- Note 7
Sections 144-145 of the regulations. This class relates to those who have been determined to be Convention refugees outside Canada.
Return to the reference note 7
- Note 8
Sections 146-151 of the regulations. This class relates to persons in need of resettlement because they are outside their country(ies) of nationality or former habitual residence and have been, and continue to be, seriously and personally affected by civil war, armed conflict or massive violation of human rights in each of those countries.
Return to the reference note 8
- Note 9
Section 151.1 of the regulations. This class relates to persons who hold a temporary resident permit under certain circumstances.
Return to the reference note 9
- Note 10
Siddiqui, Obaidullah v. M.C.I. (F.C.A. no. A-205-15), Nadon, Rennie, Gleason, April 29, 2016; 2016 FCA 134.
Return to the reference note 10
- Note 11
M.C.I. c. Esfand, Bahareh (F.C., no. IMM-1133-15), Locke, October 21, 2015; 2015 FC 1190 (Appeal filed by the Minister but a Notice of Discontinuance was filed on June 1, 2016; F.C.A. no. A-495-15).
Return to the reference note 11
- Note 12
M.C.I. v. Gezik, Misagh Heidari M.C.I. v. Gezik, Misagh Heidari (F.C. no. IMM-1742-15), Annis, November 13, 2015; 2015 FC 1268. (Appeal filed by the Minister but a Notice of Discontinuance was filed on May 5, 2016; F.C.A. no. A-532-15).
Return to the reference note 12
- Note 13
The Minister’s legal title is the “Minister of Citizenship and Immigration”, while the applied title in accordance with Treasury Board policy is the “Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship.”
Return to the reference note 13
- Note 14
However, authority to make an application to cease under subsection 108(2) of the IRPA has been delegated by the Minister of CIC to Canada Border Services Agency Hearings Officers as per
Department of Citizenship and Immigration Instrument of Designation and Delegation (May 1, 2018). While exercising that authority, the officers would be representing the Minister of CIC and not the Minister of Public Safety in the cessation proceedings.
Return to the reference note 14
- Note 15
SOR/2012-256.
Return to the reference note 15
- Note 16
See, for example,
Seid, Faradj Mabrouk v. M.C.I. . (F.C. no. IMM-2555-18), LeBlanc, November 21, 2018; 2018 FC 1167 at paragraph 16 (protected person served in Chad); Starovic, Odesa v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-2139-11), Zinn, June 28, 2012; 2012 FC 827 at paragraphs 6-7 (protected person remained in Serbia and participated in the hearing by telephone).
Return to the reference note 16
- Note 18
See, for example, RPD File no. MB3-04124: X (Re), 2014 CanLII 99249 (November 13, 2014); RPD File no. VB4-00790: X (Re), 2015 CanLII 102735 (December 3, 2015).
Return to the reference note 18
- Note 20
See for example,
Youssef, Sawsan El-Cheikh v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-990-98), Teitelbaum, March 29, 1999 at paragraph 22; Li, Peter Sum v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-1614-14), O’Reilly, April 15, 2015; 2015 FC 459 at paragraph 42.
Return to the reference note 20
- Note 21
UNHCR, Handbook, supra note 2.
Return to the reference note 21
- Note 22
M.P.S.E.P. v. Bashir, Najeeb (F.C. no. IMM-4732-14), Bédard, January 15, 2015; 2015 FC 51 at paragraphs 44-47.
Return to the reference note 22
- Note 24
Ibid., paragraphes 67 et 68.
Return to the reference note 24
- Note 25
Gezik, supra note 12.
Return to the reference note 25
- Note 26
Paragraph 118 of the UNHCR Handbook draws a distinction between reavailment and re-establishment, the former applying when the refugee is still outside his or her country of nationality and the latter applying when the refugee has returned to his or her country of nationality. Such a clear distinction does not seem to have been adopted in Canadian jurisprudence.
The argument was raised in
Seid, supra note 16 at paras 16-18 that pursuant to paragraph 118 of the Handbook, reavailment could not apply to the protected person because the application to cease was served on him in Chad, his country of nationality. The Court rejected this argument because he was not actually living in Chad; therefore, the substantive merit of the argument was not analyzed by the Court.
Return to the reference note 26
- Note 27
Kuoch, Bun Chou v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-7600-14), Shore, August 18, 2015; 2015 FC 979 at paragraph 25.
Return to the reference note 27
- Note 28
Bashir, supra note 20. Also see Cadena Cabrera, Sandra Luz v. M.P.S.E.P. (F.C. no. IMM-3456-11), Shore, January 19, 2012; 2012 FC 67 at paragraph 25.
Return to the reference note 28
- Note 29
Ibid., at paragraph 50.
Return to the reference note 29
- Note 30
Bashir, supra note 20, at paragraph 57.
Return to the reference note 30
- Note 31
Mayell, Obaidullah v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-3435-17), Zinn, February 7, 2018; 2018 FC 139.
Return to the reference note 31
- Note 32
Abechkhrishvili, Nana v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-3021-18), McDonald, March 13, 2019; 2019 FC 313.
Return to the reference note 32
- Note 33
Starovic, supra note 16.
Return to the reference note 33
- Note 34
Cadena, supra note 25.
Return to the reference note 34
- Note 35
Andrade, Claudia Patricia Silva v. M.P.S.E.P., (F.C. no. IMM-7383-14), LeBlanc, August 25, 2015; 2015 FC 1007 at paragraphs 9-15.
Return to the reference note 35
- Note 36
Li, supra note 18, at paragraphs 37-43.
Return to the reference note 36
- Note 37
Cadena, supra note 25.
Return to the reference note 37
- Note 38/dt>
Maqbool, Jahangir v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-1102-16), Tremblay-Lamer, October 14, 2016; 2016 FC 1146.
Return to the reference note 35
- Note 39
Ibid., at paragraphs 23-30.
Return to the reference note 39
- Note 40
Abadi, Sajja Shamsi Kazem v. M.C.I.(F.C. no. IMM-2680-15), Fothergill, January 8, 2016; 2016 FC 29 at paragraphs 16 and 18.
Abadi was cited for this principle in
Norouzi, Afshin v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-3253-16), Bell, April 18, 2017; 2017 FC 368.. A question was certified by the Federal Court and an appeal was filed with the Federal Court of Appeal, but a Notice of Discontinuance was filed on June 27, 2017 (F.C.A. no. A-159-17). Also see
Seid, supra note 16 at paragraph 20.
Return to the reference note 40
- Note 41
Ibid., at paragraph 19.
Return to the reference note 41
- Note 42
Li, supra note 18.
Return to the reference note 42
- Note 43
Norouzi, supranote 36.
Return to the reference note 43
- Note 44
Tung, Do Mee v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-1186-18), McDonald, December 6, 2018; 2018 FC 1224.
Return to the reference note 44
- Note 45
Jing, Yuancai v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-1692-18), Manson, January 24, 2019; 2019 FC 104.
Return to the reference note 45
- Note 46
Sabuncu, Fatih Beycan v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-3254-18), Heneghan, January 16, 2019; 2019 FC 62.
Return to the reference note 46
- Note 47
Cerna, Davis William Lezama v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-7267-14), O’Reilly, September 15, 2015; 2015 FC 1074.
Return to the reference note 47
- Note 48
Mayell, supra note 28.
Return to the reference note 48
- Note 49
Bashir, supra note 20. See also
Nsende, Jean Claude c. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-3635-07), Lagacé, April 23, 2008; 2008 FC 531 where the RPD had granted the Minister’s application to cease. The protected person explained that he had obtained a Congolese passport with the intention of doing business in Thailand. The Federal Court quashed the decision, finding that the RPD did not explain why the protected person’s explanations were not sufficient.
Return to the reference note 49
- Note 50
Abechkhrishvili, supra note 29.
Return to the reference note 50
- Note 51
Ibid at paragraph 23.
Return to the reference note 51
- Note 52
Din, Ezaz Ud v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-3118-18), Russell, April 8, 2019; 2019 FC 425 at paragraphs 34-39.
Return to the reference note 52
- Note 54
See also for example,
Abadi, supra note 37 (travel through two countries with an Iranian passport);
Maqbool, supra note 35 (travel through four countries with a Pakistani passport); and
M.C.I. v. Nilam, Nisreen Ahamed Mohamed (F.C. no. IMM-1687-15), Mactavish, October 8, 2015; 2015 FC 1154 (travel to country of nationality and India).
Return to the reference note 54
- Note 55
Yuan, Xin Li c. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-5365-14), Boswell, July 28, 2015; 2015 FC 923.
Return to the reference note 55
- Note 56
Jing, supra note 42. See also
Abechkhrishvili, supra note 29 at paragraph 26 where the Court also distinguished
Yuan because in
Yuan the protected person was actively hiding while in
Abechkhrishvili the protected person stayed at a family cottage where she could easily be located.
Return to the reference note 56
- Note 57
Maqbool, supra note 35.
Return to the reference note 57
- Note 58
Nilam, supra note 50, at paragraphs 30-36.
Return to the reference note 58
- Note 59
Ibid., at paragraph 33.
Return to the reference note 59
- Note 60
Din, supra note 49 ataux paragraphs 40-46.
Return to the reference note 60
- Note 61
Starovic, supra note 16.
Return to the reference note 61
- Note 62
Khalifa, Abdalla v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-1181-15), Annis, October 20, 2015; 2015 FC 1181.
Return to the reference note 62
- Note 63
Starovic, supra note 16.
Return to the reference note 63
- Note 64
M.P.S.E.P. v. Zaric, Miodrag (F.C. no. IMM-3126-14), Fothergill, July 14, 2015; 2015 FC 837. Appeal filed August 12, 2015 but discontinued April 12, 2016 (Court file number F.C.A. A-355-15).
Return to the reference note 64
- Note 65
See footnote 23 regarding the distinction between reavailment and re-establishment.
Return to the reference note 65
- Note 66
Starovic, supra note 16.
Return to the reference note 66
- Note 67
Ibid, at paragraph 7.
Return to the reference note 67
- Note 68
Cadena, supra note 25.
Return to the reference note 68
- Note 69
M.C.I. v. Al-Obeidi, Mazin Helmy Ismael (F.C. no. IMM-7389-14), O’Reilly, September 8, 2015; 2015 FC 1041.
Return to the reference note 69
- Note 70
Tung, supra note 41.
Return to the reference note 70
- Note 71
Khalifa, supra note 58.
Return to the reference note 71
- Note 72
Siddiqui, supra note 10, at paragraph 27.
Return to the reference note 72
- Note 73
Balouch, Lida Bandarian v. M.P.S.E.P. (F.C. no. IMM-4174-14), Heneghan, June 17, 2015; 2015 FC 765.. A question was certified in this case, and an appeal was filed with the Federal Court of Appeal, but a Notice of Discontinuance was filed on February 2, 2016 (F.C.A. no. A-320-15). The Court in
Abadi, note 37 at paragraph 20 cited
Balouch in coming to the same conclusion regarding future risk. See also
Seid, supra note 16, at paragraph 27.
Return to the reference note 73
- Note 74
Yuan, supra note 51, at paragraphs 17-25. Also see Jing, supra note 41, at paragraphs 32-34.
Return to the reference note 74
- Note 76
Abadi, supra note 37.
Return to the reference note 76
- Note 78
Ibid, at paragraph 24.
Return to the reference note 78
- Note 79
Seid, supra note 16, at paragraphs 23 et 27.
Return to the reference note 79
- Note 80
M.C.I. v. Bermudez, Jose de Jesus, (F.C.A. no. A-280-15), Boivin, Ryer, Near, April 27, 2016; 2016 FCA 131
Return to the reference note 80
- Note 81
The Court answered the certified question as follows:
Question : Does the CBSA Hearings Officer, or the Hearings Officer as the Minister’s delegate, have the discretion to consider H&C factors and the best interests of a child, when deciding whether to make a cessation application pursuant to subsection 108(2) in respect of a permanent resident?
Answer : No.
Return to the reference note 81
- Note 82
Khalifa, supra note 58.
Return to the reference note 82
- Note 83
M.C.I. v. Nilam, Nisreen Ahamed Mohamed (F.C.A. no. A-283-16), Near, Boivin, Rennie, March 7, 2017; 2017 FCA 44, leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada denied:
Nilam, Nisreen Ahamed Mohamed v. M.C.I. (SCC docket number 37556), August 10, 2017.
Return to the reference note 83
- Note 84
There is considerable jurisprudence on the authority of the Minister to suspend citizenship proceedings pending a cessation application. This topic is outside the scope of this chapter; however, in
Nilam, the Federal Court of Appeal dealt the following certified question and answered it thusly:
Question : : Can the Minister suspend the processing of an application for citizenship pursuant to his authority under s. 13.1 of the
Citizenship Act, to await the results of cessation proceedings in respect of the applicant under s. 108(2) of the
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act?
Answer : Yes.
Return to the reference note 84
- Note 85
Li, supra note 18.
Return to the reference note 85
- Note 86
Abadi, supra note 37.
Return to the reference note 86
- Note 87
Seid, supra note 16, at paragraphs 28-32.
Return to the reference note 87
- Note 88
Maqbool, supra note 35, at paragraphs 11-13.
Return to the reference note 88
- Note 89
Yuan, supra note 51.
Return to the reference note 89
- Note 90
Norouzi, supra note 37.
Return to the reference note 90