- Note 1
1951
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 189 U.N.T.S. 2545, entered into force on April 22, 1954 and the 1967
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 606 U.N.T.S. 8791, entered into force on October 4, 1967. The paper does not deal with cases relating to section 97 of IRPA, that being the section dealing with risk to life, risk of cruel and unusual punishment or treatment, and danger of torture.
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- Note 2
S.C. 2001, c. 27.
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- Note 3
The RPD is the body in Canada which adjudicates claims in the first instance.
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- Note 4
The RAD came into existence on December 15, 2012.
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- Note 5
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status, Geneva, January 1992.
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- Note 6
Ward: Canada (Attorney General) v. Ward, [1993] 2 S.C.R. 689, 103 D.L.R. (4th) 1, 20 Imm. L.R. (2d) 85.
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- Note 7
The Supreme Court of Canada has dealt with the issue of exclusion under Article 1 F in
Pushpanathan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1998] 1 S.C.R. 982; (1998), 43 Imm. L.R. (2d) 117 (S.C.C.) ;R. v. Finta, [1994] 1 S.C.R. 701;
Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [2005] 2 S.C.R. 100; 2005 SCC 40; Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), [2013] 2 S.C.R. 678; and
Febles v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2014 SCC 68. For a discussion of all exclusion issues see Chapters 10 and 11.
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- Note 8
Each principle will be discussed in more detail in later chapters of the paper.
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- Note 9
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 709.
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- Note 10
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 751.
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- Note 11
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 731-732.
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- Note 12
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 722.
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- Note 13
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 722.
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- Note 14
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 725-726.
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- Note 15
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 726.
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- Note 16
With respect to the meaning of the terms “unable”, “unwilling” and “protection”, the Supreme Court of Canada adopts an interpretation of the Convention refugee definition that is consistent with paragraphs 98, 99 and 100 of the UNHCR
Handbook. See
Ward,
supra, footnote 6 at 718.
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- Note 17
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 720.
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- Note 18
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 726.
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- Note 19
Ward, supra, footnote 6, at 721.
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- Note 20
Ward, supra, footnote 6, at 722.
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- Note 21
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 733.
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- Note 22
Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.,
The Refugee in International Law, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), p.38.
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- Note 23
Hathaway, James C.,
The Law of Refugee Status, (Toronto: Butterworths, 1991), pp. 104-105.
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- Note 24
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 734.
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- Note 25
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 733-5.
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- Note 26
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 746.
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- Note 27
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 747.
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- Note 28
Ward,
supra, footnote 6, at 745.
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- Note 29
Section 7 provides that
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.
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- Note 30
Singh v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1985] 1 S.C.R. 177, 17 D.L.R. (4th) 422, 58 N.R. 1.
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- Note 31
Singh,
ibid., at 210, per Wilson J.
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- Note 32
See, for example,
Laidlow, Roderic v. M.C.I. (F.C.A. no. A-77-12), Noël, Dawson, Stratas, October 10, 2012; 2012 FCA 256 and Norouzi, Afshin v. M.C.I. (F.C. no. IMM-3253-16), Bell; April 18, 2017; 2017 FC 368.
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- Note 33
Salibian v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1990] 3 F.C. 250 (C.A.) at 258.
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- Note 34
Adjei v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1989] 2 F.C. 680 (C.A.) at 683.
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